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The ''brit milah'' ((ヘブライ語:בְּרִית מִילָה), ; Ashkenazi pronunciation: (:bʁis ˈmilə), "covenant of circumcision"; Yiddish pronunciation: ''bris'' (:bʀɪs)) is a Jewish religious male circumcision ceremony performed by a mohel on the eighth day of a male infant's life. The ''brit milah'' is followed by a celebratory meal (''seudat mitzvah''). ==Biblical references== (詳細はHebrew Bible () God commanded the Biblical patriarch Abraham to be circumcised, an act to be followed by his descendants: Also, provides: "And in the eighth day the flesh of his foreskin shall be circumcised." According to the Hebrew Bible, it was "a reproach" for an Israelite to be uncircumcised (Joshua 5:9.) The term ''arelim'' ("uncircumcised" ()) is used opprobriously, denoting the Philistines and other non-Israelites (I Samuel 14:6, 31:4; II Samuel 1:20) and used in conjunction with ''tameh'' (unpure) for heathen (Isaiah 52:1). The word ''arel'' ("uncircumcised" ()) is also employed for "impermeable" (Leviticus 26:41, "their uncircumcised hearts"; compare Jeremiah 9:25; Ezekiel 44:7,9); it is also applied to the first three years' fruit of a tree, which is forbidden (Leviticus 19:23). However, the Israelites born in the wilderness after the Exodus from Egypt were not circumcised. Joshua 5:2-9, explains, "all the people that came out" of Egypt were circumcised, but those "born in the wilderness" were not. Therefore, Joshua, before the celebration of the Passover, had them circumcised at Gilgal specifically before they entered Canaan. Abraham, too, was circumcised when he moved into Canaan. The prophetic tradition emphasizes that God expects people to be good as well as pious, and that non-Jews will be judged based on their ethical behavior, see Noahide Law. Thus, Jeremiah 9:25-26 says that circumcised and uncircumcised will be punished alike by the Lord; for "all the nations are uncircumcised, and all the house of Israel are uncircumcised in heart." The penalty of non-observance is ''kareth'' (spiritual excision from the Jewish nation), as noted in . Conversion to Judaism for non-Israelites in Biblical times necessitated circumcision, otherwise one could not partake in the Passover offering (). Today, as in the time of Abraham, it is required of converts in Orthodox, Conservative and Reform Judaism. (). As found in Genesis 17:1-14, ''brit milah'' is considered to be so important that should the eighth day fall on the Sabbath, actions that would normally be forbidden because of the sanctity of the day are permitted in order to fulfill the requirement to circumcise. The Talmud, when discussing the importance of Milah, compares it to being equal to all other mitzvot (commandments) based on the gematria for ''brit'' of 612 (Tractate Nedarim 32a). Covenants in ancient times were sometimes sealed by severing an animal, with the implication that the party who breaks the covenant will suffer a similar fate. In Hebrew, the verb meaning "to seal a covenant" translates literally as "to cut". It is presumed by Jewish scholars that the removal of the foreskin symbolically represents such a sealing of the covenant.〔"Circumcision." Mark Popovsky. Encyclopedia of Psychology and Religion. Ed. David A. Leeming, Kathryn Madden and Stanton Marlan. New York: Springer, 2010. pp.153-154.〕 Memory of this tradition has been preserved in traditional Christian churches according to the Gospel of Luke.〔 (King James Version): "And when eight days were accomplished for the circumcising of the child, his name was called JESUS, which was so named of the angel before he was conceived in the womb."〕〔In the northern European calculation, which abstracts from the day from which the count begins, the interval was of seven days.〕 The Feast of the Circumcision of Christ is kept as a feast eight days after Nativity in a number of churches including the Eastern Orthodox Church, Catholic Church, Lutheran and some Anglican Communion churches.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 The Circumcision (Obrezanie) of the Lord: )〕 In Orthodox Christian tradition, children are officially named on the eighth day after birth with special naming prayers.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 The Prayer for the Naming of a Child on the Eighth Day )〕〔http://www.stlukeorthodox.com/html/prayer/information/priestprayerbook.cfm〕 Significantly, the tradition of baptism universally replaced circumcision amongst Christians as the primary rite of passage as found in Paul's Epistle to the Colossians and in Acts of the Apostles. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「brit milah」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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